History

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Orion is a crewed spacecraft funded by NASA and built by Lockheed Martin to support human space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit. Originally proposed by Lockheed Martin as the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle in 2006, it was designed to send up to six astronauts to the International Space Station or four astronauts beyond LEO under the Constellation Program. Orion was saved from cancellation by Congress after the Obama administration canceled the program in 2010. Under the current NASA authorization, the four-person Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) will be launched aboard the Space Launch System (SLS) to conduct missions within and potentially beyond cislunar space.

Vehicle Capability/Description

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Resembling the Apollo spacecraft, Orion consists of a conical crew module and a cylindrical service module aft, though the crew module will encompass two-and-a-half times more volume and 30 percent more habitable volume than the Apollo Command Module. The European service module (ESM) for Orion, derived from the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) the European Space Agency (ESA) used to send supplies to the International Space Station (ISS), is being built by Airbus Defence and Space in Germany. The ESM will include onboard consumables (oxygen, water) for the crew, the primary propulsion system, and four solar arrays to supply electrical power. The European Service Module has four Solar Array Wings (SAWs). Each SAW consists of three panels. Each panel is approximately 2 by 2 meters, resulting in a SAW that is approximately 2 meters wide by 7 meters long. The four combined SAWs generate about 11 kW of power for the spacecraft. The solar arrays were tested successfully at NASA’s Plum Brook Station Space Power Facility in February 2017. The ESM was chosen by NASA in 2013 as a way to include ESA in future beyond-orbit exploration activities. According to a NASA Public Affairs message to Spaceflight Insider, the agency is considering supporting a crew of four for as many as 40 days. Its return payload (assuming it was collecting samples) is 220 pounds (100 kilograms).

Mission Profile

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Launched from Earth by the Space Launch System’s massive core stage and solid rocket boosters, Orion will be sent on a trans-lunar (or other cislunar) trajectory aboard the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) on the unmanned Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1); the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS) will be used on Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) and subsequent missions. Upgraded versions of the SLS (Block 1b) could carry another mission payload in addition to Orion. In that case, once in orbit, Orion would separate from the SLS, reverse direction 180 degrees, and then rendezvous and dock with the payload, as was done during the Apollo program. The Orion and its joint payload would continue toward their mutual destination. For the first crewed SLS/Orion mission (EM-2), the EUS will send Orion to the Moon, where Orion will enter lunar deep retrograde orbit. For future missions, Orion could rendezvous and dock with NASA’s proposed Deep Space Gateway in lunar orbit to test systems for further missions. Beyond this effort would be the Deep Space Transport, which Orion would rendezvous with for missions beyond the Moon. After completing mission activities in lunar orbit or near-lunar space (such as the Earth-Moon L1 Lagrange point), Orion’s main engine fires to put the spacecraft on a trans-Earth trajectory. Prior to re-entry, the service module is jettisoned and burns up in Earth’s atmosphere. The crew module skims the atmosphere at the appropriate angle to slow its velocity; once within the atmosphere, Orion’s three-part parachute system deploys pilot, drogue, and main parachutes to slow it down to a safe speed for a water landing in the ocean.

Vehicle Status

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An uncrewed test version of Orion flew aboard a Delta IV Heavy launch vehicle in December 2014 as part of Exploration Flight Test One (EFT-1). The mission completed one full orbit, flying out to an apogee of 3,671 miles (5,908 kilometers) to build up a return to Earth speed of about 20,000 miles per hour (~32,190 kilometers per hour) to test the heat shield and parachute systems after re-entry. All systems functioned as designed before the spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. Primary hardware continues to be tested for the Orion spacecraft, including parachute, recovery, and propulsion systems. A test article of Orion is being evaluated for pyrotechnic shocks, thermal environments, and other operations. On January 13, engineers at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans finished welding together the primary structure of the flight hardware for the EM-1 mission Orion spacecraft’s crew module. The spacecraft has now been transported to Kennedy Space Center for final assembly. According to a Lockheed Martin press release statement:

At Kennedy Space Center, the crew module will undergo several tests to ensure the structure is perfectly sound before being integrated with other elements of the spacecraft. First it will undergo proof-pressure testing where the structural welds are stress tested to confirm it can withstand the environments it will experience in space. The team will then use phased array technology to inspect the welds to make sure there are no defects. Additional structural tests will follow including proof-pressure testing of the fluid system welds and subsequent x-ray inspections. Once the crew module passes those tests it will undergo final assembly, integration and entire vehicle testing in order to prepare for EM-1, when Orion is launched atop NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) for the first time. The test flight will send Orion into lunar distant retrograde orbit – a wide orbit around the moon that is farther from Earth than any human-rated spacecraft has ever traveled. The mission will last about three weeks and will certify the design and safety of Orion and SLS for future human-rated exploration missions.  

The EM-1 mission is scheduled to launch sometime in 2019.

• December 11, 2022: Orion capsule makes pinpoint splashdown in Pacific Ocean
• December 11, 2022: The Orion Crew Module: A conversation with Lockheed Martin’s Mike Hawes
• November 30, 2022: Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft prepares for its Earth return journey
• November 21, 2022: The Orion Crew Module: A conversation with NASA’s Jason Hutt
• November 16, 2022: NASA’s Artemis 1 Space Launch System Moon rocket finally flies!
• November 12, 2022: The European Service Module: A conversation with NASA’s Jim Withrow
• November 3, 2022: Ready to roll: Artemis 1 set to return to pad for launch
• October 21, 2022: NASA orders three more Orion spacecraft for Artemis missions
• September 23, 2022: NASA targets Tuesday to fly Artemis 1, despite weather outlook
• August 29, 2022: NASA calls off first attempt at launching its mega Moon rocket